Chapter 4 Europe Open data

4.1 Sources

The European Commission provides several tools to access open published data concerning different thematics.

4.1.1 European Union Open data portal

The European Union Open data portal provides access to an expanding range of data from the European Union institutions and other EU bodies. It contains several services

The different datasets are categorized based based on W3C’s Data Catalogue Vocabulary specifications: DCAT), DCAT-AP.

These categories include the following themes:

  • Agriculture, fisheries, forestry and food: Agricultural and Vegetable Catalogue, Production of cheese, Food Additives, Pesticides, Chemical contaminants data…
  • Economy and finance: Real GDP growth rate, Economic sentiment indicator, ECFIN annual macroeconomic database, EU trade since 1988 by CN8, E-commerce sales…
  • Education, culture and sport: Gender Equality Index, Erasmus mobility statistics…
  • Energy: Energy statistical datasheets for the EU countries, Electricity prices by type of user, Greenhouse gas emissions per capita…
  • Environment: CO2 emissions per inhabitant in the EU and in developing countries, World digital elevation model (ETOPO5), AirBase - The European air quality database…
  • Government and publc sector: Transparency Register, Members of the European Parliament (MEPs), Gender Equality Index, Register of Commission documents…
  • Health: COVID-19 Coronavirus data, Health Programmes Data Base, Healthy life years at birth by sex…
  • International issues: EU Member States and international human rights obligations, CD - Diplomatic Corps…
  • Justice, legal system and public safety: EU legislation - basic acts, EU case-law, Schengen visa statistics…
  • Regions and cities: Taxes in Europe database, Eco-Innovation Project Database…
  • Population and society: Population density by NUTS 2 region, Unemployment rate by NUTS 2 regions…
  • Science and technology: EU research projects under Horizon 2020, Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD)…
  • Transport: Total length of motorways, Airport traffic data by reporting airport and airlines, Motorisation rate, Total length of railway lines…

4.1.2 OECD Data

The OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) publishes databases and statistcs via a Data Portal. It provides an online platform that allows visitors to create custom charts based on official OECD indicators. It consists of:

4.1.3 Eurostat

Eurostat is the statistical office of the European Union. Its mission is to provide high quality statistics for Europe. Those statistics enable comparisons between countries and regions. It may help decision makers in different levels (EU level, local governement, businesses…) in addition to public and media use. Eurostat offers a whole range of important and interesting data concerning different thematics: population and society, helath, transport, economy and finance… The main role of Eurostat is to process and publish statistical information at European level by defining common methods, concepts, structures and technical standards. Eurostat does not collect data. The data collection is done in Member States by their statistical authorities. The role of Eurostat is to consolidate the data and ensure they are comparable and harmonized. Eurostat is the only provider of statistics and harmonized data at European level.

4.2 Themes

Eurostat databases and tables are organised according to nine statistical themes:

  • Genral and regional statistics
  • Economy and finance
  • Population and social conditions
  • Industry, trade and services
  • Agriculture, forestry and fisheries
  • International trade
  • Transport
  • Environment and energy
  • Science, technology, digital society
Theme.L0 Themes.L1 Themes.L2 Table.name Table.code Description
Population and social conditions Demography and migration Population Population on 1 January tps00001 The number of persons having their usual residence in a country on 1 January of the respective year
Population by age group tps00010 Share of population in a certain age group compared to the total population.
Foreign-born population tps00178 Number of persons born abroad
Population density tps00003 The ratio between the annual average population and the land area (Persons per square kilometre)
Fertility Total fertility rate tps00199 The mean number of children that would be born alive to a woman during her lifetime
Live births and crude birth rate tps00204 Live births are the births of children that showed any sign of life.
Mortality Life expectancy at birth by sex tps00205 Life expectancy at birth is defined as the mean number of years that a new-born child can expect to live
Deaths and crude death rate tps00029 The crude death rate is the ratio of the number of deaths during the year to the average population in that year. The value is expressed per 1 000 persons.
Immigration Immigration tps00176 Total number of long-term immigrants arriving into the reporting country during the reference year
Emigration Emigration tps00177 Total number of long-term emigrantsleaving from the reporting country during the reference year
Citizenship Acquisition of citizenship tps00024 Number of grants of citizenship of the reporting country to persons usually resident in the reporting country who have previously been citizens of another country or who have been stateless.
Marriages and divorces Crude marriage rate and crude divorce rate tps00206 The ratio of the number of marriages during the year to the average population in that year. The value is expressed per 1000 persons.
Population projections Population projections tps00002 Population projections show how the population size and structure would change if the assumptions made regarding fertility, mortality and migration remained true over the whole projection period.
Health Health status Healthy life years at birth by sex tps00150 It measures the number of years that a person at birth is still expected to live in a healthy condition
Life expectancy at birth by sex tps00208 The mean number of years still to be lived by a person at birth
Health care Practising physicians tps00044 The number of practising physicians
Hospital beds tps00046 Total hospital beds are all hospital beds which are regularly maintained and staffed and immediately available for the care of admitted patients; both occupied and unoccupied beds are covered.
Total Health Care Expenditure tps00207 The economic resources dedicated to health functions (in million euro)
Causes of death Causes of death, by sex tps00152 Causes of death: cancer, accidents, homicide, suicide…)
Education and training Participation in education and training Participation in early childhood education by sex sdg_04_30 The share of the children between the age of four and the starting age of compulsory primary education who participated in early childhood education
Education and training outcomes At most lower secondary educational attainment by age tps00197 the percentage of people aged 25 to 64 who have successfully completed at most lower secondary education
Employment rates of recent graduates tps00053
Labour market Employement and unemployement (Labour Force Survey) Employment rate by sex, age group 20-64 t2020_10 The employment rate is calculated by dividing the number of persons aged 20 to 64 in employment by the total population of the same age group.
Total unemployment rate tps00203 Unemployment rates represent unemployed persons as a percentage of the labour force
Hours worked per week of full-time employment tps00071 The average number of hours corresponds to the number of hours the person normally works.
job vacancy statistics Job vacancies in number and % tps00172 the proportion of total posts that are vacant,
Earnings Average gross annual earnings in industry and services, by sex tps00175 Gross earnings are remuneration (wages and salaries) in cash paid directly to the employee, before any deductions for income tax and social security contributions paid by the employee.
Labor costs Labour costs annual data tps00173 Labour cost index shows the short-term development of the total cost, on an hourly basis, for employers of employing the labour force.
Income and living conditions Monetary poverty At-risk-of-poverty threshold - EU-SILC survey tessi014 The threshold is set at 60 % of the national median equivalised disposable income (after social transfers).
Distribution of income Income quintile share ratio (S80/S20) by sex tessi180 The ratio of total income received by the 20 % of the population with the highest income (top quintile) to that received by the 20 % of the population with the lowest income (lowest quintile).
Population structure Distribution of population by household types - EU-SILC survey tesov190 The indicator gives for each type of household the percentage of the total population.
Social protection Social protection Expenditure on social protection tps00098
Environment Emissions of greenhouse gases and air polluants Greenhouse gas emissions (source: EEA) sdg_13_10 The indicator measures total national emissions
Pollutant emissions from transport t2020_rk300
Exposure to air pollution by particulate matter (source: EEA) sdg_11_50 The indicator measures the population weighted annual mean concentration of particulate matter at urban background stations in agglomerations.
Material flows and resources productivity Resource productivity and domestic material consumption (DMC) sdg_12_20 Resource productivity is gross domestic product (GDP) divided by domestic material consumption (DMC).
Domestic material consumption per capita t2020_rl110 The indicator is defined as the total amount of material directly used in an economy and equals direct material input (DMI) minus exports. For the ‘per capita’ calculation of the indicator the average population is used
Environmental taxes Environmental tax revenues t2020_rt320 the proportion of environmental tax revenues in total revenues from all taxes and social contributions
Environmetal protection expediture Environmental protection expenditure of the public sector by type ten00049 the money spent on all purposeful activities directly aimed at the prevention, reduction and elimination of pollution or any other degradation of the environment
Environmental goods and service sector Employment in the EU environmental economy by environmental protection and resource management activities ten00131
Waste Waste generation and treatment Generation of waste by economic activity ten00106 Total amount of waste generated by households and businesses by economic activity according to NACE Rev. 2 and year.
Generation of waste by waste category ten00108 Total amount of waste generated by households and businesses, by waste category (EWC-Stat 4) and year
Waste generated by households by year and waste category ten00110 Waste generated by households (EP-HH) by year and waste category (EWC-Stat 4).
Water Water exploitation index by type of water source sdg_06_60
Water resources: long-term annual average ten00001
Fresh water abstraction by source - million m³ ten00002
Biodiversity Surface of terrestrial sites designated under NATURA 2000 (source: DG ENV, EEA) sdg_15_20
Energy Energy statistics Share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption t2020_31
Electricity prices by type of user ten00117
Gas prices by type of user ten00118
Gross available energy by product ten00121
Total energy supply by product ten00122
Final energy consumption by product ten00123
Final energy consumption by sector ten00124
Final energy consumption in households by type of fuel ten00125
Science and technology Research and development Statistics on reserach and developement Research and development expenditure, by sectors of performance tsc00001
Total researchers by sectors of performance - head count tsc00003
Government budget on R&D Share of government budget appropriations or outlays on research and development tsc00007
Hight-tech industry High-tech exports tin00140
Human resources in Science and technology Doctorate students in science and technology fields tsc00028
Patent Patent applications to the European patent office (EPO) by priority year tsc00009
Digital economy and society ICT usage in households and by individuals Connection to the internet and computer use Level of internet access - households tin00134
Internet use Internet use by individuals tin00028
E-commerce Individuals using the internet for ordering goods or services tin00096
E-government Individuals using the internet for interaction with public authorities tin00012
ICT sector Percentage of the ICT sector on GDP tin00074
Percentage of the ICT personnel on total employment tin00085
Transport Transport volume and modal split Volume of passenger transport relative to GDP ttr00001
Modal split of passenger transport t2020_rk310
Railway transport Rail transport of passengers ttr00015
Total length of railway lines ttr00003
Road transport Total length of motorways ttr00002
Air transport Air transport of passengers ttr00012
Air transport of goods ttr00011
International trade international trade in goods - long term indicators Trade in goods, by main world traders tet00018
Trade volume indices, by reporting country tet00001
EU27 trade by member state, partner and product group Intra-EU27 (from 2020) trade, by Member State, total product tet00011
international trade in goods - short term indicators Imports of goods - total teiet110
Exports of goods - total teiet010
Agriculture, forestry and fisheries Agriculture Farm structure Farm labour force tag00020 Farm labour force includes all persons having completed their compulsory education who carried out farm work on the holding during the 12 months ending on the reference day of the survey
Economic accounts for agriculture Output of the agricultural industry - basic and producer prices tag00102 Output is valued at basic prices. The basic price is defined as the price received by the producer, after deduction of all taxes on products but including all subsidies on products.
Agricultual prces and price indices Producer price indices, total agricultural production tag00046
Agriculture production Utilised agricultural area by categories tag00025
Production of meat: pigs tag00042
Number of bovine animals tag00016
Organic farming Area under organic farming sdg_02_40
Forestry Gross value added of the forestry industry, at basic prices tag00058
Roundwood production tag00072 All quantities of wood removed from the forest and other wooded land or other felling site during a certain period of time
Fisheries Catches in all fishing regions tag00076
Industry, trade and services Short-term business statistics Industry Production in industry - total (excluding construction) teiis080
Turnover in industry - manufacturing teiis150
Domestic producer prices - total industry (excluding construction) teiis010 the average price development of all goods and related services resulting from the activity of the industry sector and sold on the domestic market
Import prices - total industry teiis011 the monthly transaction price development of imported goods purchased from non-domestic areas by domestic residents
Labour input - total industry (excluding construction) teiis400 This table presents 3 indexes showing the development of labour input in the sector of industry (excluding construction): Number of persons employed, the hours worked and the wages and salaries.
Construction, building and civil engineering Production in construction teiis500
Building permits - monthly data teiis550
Construction cost of new residential buildings teiis510
Wholesale and retail trade Retail trade turnover - total teiis200 The Retail Trade Index is a business cycle indicator which shows the monthly activity of the retail sector in value and volume. It is a short-term indicator for final domestic demand.
Services Turnover in services - index by NACE Rev. 2 teiis700
Structural business statistics SBS - main indicators Turnover by NACE Rev. 2 tin00149 Turnover is the total of all sales (excluding VAT) of goods and services carried out by the enterprises of a given sector during the reference period
Value added by NACE Rev. 2 tin00150 Value added represents the difference between the value of what is produced and intermediate consumption entering the production, less subsidies on production and costs, taxes and levies.
Persons employed by NACE Rev. 2 tin00151
SBS - services Credit institutions: number of enterprises tin00015
Credit institutions: number of persons employed tin00016
Insurance, by type of enterprise tin00019
Insurance, number of persons employed by type of enterprises tin00023
Pension funds: total investments tin00035
Business demography statistics Business demography main variables - NACE Rev. 2 tin00170 Business demography contains information for characteristics and demography of the business population. The category presents main variables, such as enterprise births (often referred to as business entries), enterprise deaths (often referred to as business exits), and enterprise survivals
Tourism Annual data on tourism industries Arrivals of residents/non-residents at tourist accommodation establishments tin00174
Nights spent at tourist accommodation establishments by NACE tin00177 A night spent is each night a guest/tourist (resident or non-resident) actually spends (sleeps or stays) or is registered (his/her physical presence there being unnecessary) in a tourist accommodation establishment.
Net occupancy rate of bed-places and bedrooms in hotels and similar accommodation tin00180
Number of establishments and bed-places tin00181
Number of bed-places by NACE tin00182
Annual data on trips of EU residents Participation in tourism for personal purposes (number of tourists) tin00185
Number of trips by purpose tin00188
Number of trips by length of stay tin00189
Number of trips by country/world region of destination tin00190
Average expenditure per trip tin00195 The total consumption expenditure made by a visitor or on behalf of a visitor for and during his/her trip and stay at destination
Economy and finance National accounts Main GDP aggregates Gross domestic product at market prices tec00001 It reflects the total value of all goods and services produced less the value of goods and services used for intermediate consumption in their production.
Compensation of employees tec00013 the total remuneration, in cash or in kind, payable by an employer to an employee in return for work done by the latter
Exports of goods and services in % of GDP tet00003
Imports of goods and services in % of GDP tet00004
Real GDP per capita sdg_08_10
Final consumption expenditure of households, by consumption purpose tec00134
Annual sector accounts Household saving rate tec00131 It is defined as gross saving divided by gross disposable income
Household investment rate tec00098 It is defined as gross fixed capital formation divided by gross disposable income
Net national income tec00133 Gross national income (at market prices) represents total primary income receivable by resident institutional units in return for some engagement in productive activity
Government statistics Annual government finance statistics Total general government revenue tec00021
Total general government expenditure tec00023
Taxes on production and imports tec00020
Current taxes on income, wealth, etc. tec00018
Net Social contributions tec00019 Net social contributions (ESA 2010 code D.61) are the actual or imputed contributions made by households to social insurance schemes to make provision for social benefits to be paid
Government deficit and debt General government deficit/surplus tec00127
General government gross debt sdg_17_40
Exchange rates Euro/national currency exchange rates teimf200
Prices Harmonised index of consumer prices HICP - all items - annual average indices tec00027
HICP - inflation rate tec00118
HICP - food teicp010
HICP - housing teicp040

We can plot

4.3 Tools

Here are some R and python packages providing easy access to Eurostat data:

In this section we will actively use the eurostat package. It provides various fonctionaities: data search, download, manipulation and visualization. The package homepageis: http://ropengov.github.io/eurostat/

4.3.1 Finding data

The function get_eurostat_toc() downloads a table of contents of eurostat datasets. The values in column ‘code’ should be used to download a selected dataset.

## Loading required package: xml2
title code type last update of data last table structure change data start data end values
Database by themes data folder NA NA NA NA NA
General and regional statistics general folder NA NA NA NA NA
European and national indicators for short-term analysis euroind folder NA NA NA NA NA
Business and consumer surveys (source: DG ECFIN) ei_bcs folder NA NA NA NA NA
Consumer surveys (source: DG ECFIN) ei_bcs_cs folder NA NA NA NA NA
Consumers - monthly data ei_bsco_m dataset 28.05.2020 28.05.2020 1980M01 2020M05 NA

The function search_eurostat can be used to search the table of contents for specifc text pattern. For example we can search for different datsets related to transport and passenger theme.

title code type last update of data last table structure change data start data end values
Volume of passenger transport relative to GDP tran_hv_pstra dataset 12.09.2019 27.02.2020 2000 2017 NA
Modal split of passenger transport tran_hv_psmod dataset 09.09.2019 27.02.2020 1990 2017 NA
Air passenger transport by reporting country avia_paoc dataset 27.05.2020 27.05.2020 1993 2020Q1 NA
Air passenger transport by main airports in each reporting country avia_paoa dataset 27.05.2020 27.05.2020 1993 2020Q1 NA
Air passenger transport between reporting countries avia_paocc dataset 27.05.2020 27.05.2020 1993 2020Q1 NA
Air passenger transport between main airports in each reporting country and partner reporting countries avia_paoac dataset 27.05.2020 27.05.2020 1993 2020Q1 NA

4.3.2 Downloading data

The package offers two Eurostats download methods:

  • the bulk download: It is the fastest method to download whole dataset
  • the web service JSON API: it has limitation of maximum 50 sub-indicators at a time. To download only a small section of the dataset the JSON API is faster, as it allows to make a data selection before downloading.

Here an example of indicator ‘Modal split of passenger transport’. This is the percentage share of each mode of transport in total inland transport, expressed in passenger-kilometres (pkm) based on transport by passenger cars, buses and coaches, and trains. All data should be based on movements on national territory, regardless of the nationality of the vehicle. However, the data collection is not harmonized at the EU level.

Pick and print the id of the data set to download:

## [1] "t2020_rk310"

Get the whole corresponding table. As the table is annual data, it is more convient to use a numeric time variable than use the default date format:

## Table t2020_rk310 cached at C:\Users\saif\AppData\Local\Temp\Rtmpsddkb0/eurostat/t2020_rk310_num_code_TF.rds
## tibble [2,641 x 5] (S3: tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
##  $ unit   : Factor w/ 1 level "PC": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
##  $ vehicle: Factor w/ 3 levels "BUS_TOT","CAR",..: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
##  $ geo    : Factor w/ 35 levels "AT","BE","CH",..: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ...
##  $ time   : num [1:2641] 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 ...
##  $ values : num [1:2641] 11 10.6 3.7 9.1 11.3 32.4 14.9 13.5 6 24.8 ...
unit vehicle geo time values
PC BUS_TOT AT 1990 11.0
PC BUS_TOT BE 1990 10.6
PC BUS_TOT CH 1990 3.7
PC BUS_TOT DE 1990 9.1
PC BUS_TOT DK 1990 11.3
PC BUS_TOT EL 1990 32.4

Or you can get only a part of the dataset by defining filters argument. It should be named list, where names corresponds to variable names (lower case) and values are vectors of codes corresponding desidered series (upper case). For time variable, in addition to a time, also a sinceTimePeriod and a lastTimePeriod can be used.

unit vehicle geo time values
PC BUS_TOT EU28 2017 8.8
PC BUS_TOT FI 2017 10.4
PC CAR EU28 2017 83.3
PC CAR FI 2017 84.2
PC TRN EU28 2017 7.9
PC TRN FI 2017 5.4

4.3.3 replacing codes with labels

By default variables are returned as Eurostat codes, but to get human-readable labels instead, use a type = "label" argument.

unit vehicle geo time values
Percentage Motor coaches, buses and trolley buses European Union - 28 countries (2013-2020) 2017 8.8
Percentage Motor coaches, buses and trolley buses Finland 2017 10.4
Percentage Passenger cars European Union - 28 countries (2013-2020) 2017 83.3
Percentage Passenger cars Finland 2017 84.2
Percentage Trains European Union - 28 countries (2013-2020) 2017 7.9
Percentage Trains Finland 2017 5.4

Eurostat codes in the downloaded data set can be replaced with human-readable labels from the Eurostat dictionaries with the label_eurostat() function

unit vehicle geo time values
Percentage Motor coaches, buses and trolley buses Austria 1990 11.0
Percentage Motor coaches, buses and trolley buses Belgium 1990 10.6
Percentage Motor coaches, buses and trolley buses Switzerland 1990 3.7
Percentage Motor coaches, buses and trolley buses Germany (until 1990 former territory of the FRG) 1990 9.1
Percentage Motor coaches, buses and trolley buses Denmark 1990 11.3
Percentage Motor coaches, buses and trolley buses Greece 1990 32.4

The label_eurostat() allows conversion of individual variable vectors or variable names as well.

## [1] "Unit of measure"                 "Vehicles"                       
## [3] "Geopolitical entity (reporting)" "Period of time"

4.4 Analysis

We will present in this section some analysis of european data provided by eurostat statistics.

4.4.1 Population and social conditions

4.4.1.1 Ferility rate

Tis indicator is defined as the mean number of children that would be born alive to a woman during her lifetime if she were to survive and pass through her childbearing years conforming to the fertility rates by age of a given year.

geo time fertility_rate
Andorra 2007-01-01 1.18
Albania 2007-01-01 1.62
Armenia 2007-01-01 1.41
Austria 2007-01-01 1.38
Azerbaijan 2007-01-01 1.97
Belgium 2007-01-01 1.82
Bulgaria 2007-01-01 1.49
Belarus 2007-01-01 1.37
Switzerland 2007-01-01 1.46
Cyprus 2007-01-01 1.44
Czechia 2007-01-01 1.45
Germany (until 1990 former territory of the FRG) 2007-01-01 1.37
Denmark 2007-01-01 1.84
Euro area - 18 countries (2014) 2007-01-01 1.54
Euro area - 19 countries (from 2015) 2007-01-01 1.54
Estonia 2007-01-01 1.69
Greece 2007-01-01 1.41
Spain 2007-01-01 1.38
European Union - 27 countries (2007-2013) 2007-01-01 1.56
European Union - 27 countries (from 2020) 2007-01-01 1.52
European Union - 28 countries (2013-2020) 2007-01-01 1.56
Finland 2007-01-01 1.83
France 2007-01-01 1.98
France (metropolitan) 2007-01-01 1.96
Georgia 2007-01-01 1.45
Croatia 2007-01-01 1.48
Hungary 2007-01-01 1.32
Ireland 2007-01-01 2.01
Iceland 2007-01-01 2.09
Italy 2007-01-01 1.40
Liechtenstein 2007-01-01 1.42
Lithuania 2007-01-01 1.36
Luxembourg 2007-01-01 1.61
Latvia 2007-01-01 1.54
Moldova 2007-01-01 1.25
Montenegro 2007-01-01 1.80
North Macedonia 2007-01-01 1.46
Malta 2007-01-01 1.35
Netherlands 2007-01-01 1.72
Norway 2007-01-01 1.90
Poland 2007-01-01 1.31
Portugal 2007-01-01 1.35
Romania 2007-01-01 1.45
Serbia 2007-01-01 1.38
Russia 2007-01-01 1.41
Sweden 2007-01-01 1.88
Slovenia 2007-01-01 1.38
Slovakia 2007-01-01 1.27
Turkey 2007-01-01 2.13
Ukraine 2007-01-01 1.33
United Kingdom 2007-01-01 1.86
Andorra 2008-01-01 1.25
Albania 2008-01-01 1.58
Armenia 2008-01-01 1.43
Austria 2008-01-01 1.42
Azerbaijan 2008-01-01 1.90
Belgium 2008-01-01 1.85
Bulgaria 2008-01-01 1.56
Belarus 2008-01-01 1.42
Switzerland 2008-01-01 1.48
Cyprus 2008-01-01 1.48
Czechia 2008-01-01 1.51
Germany (until 1990 former territory of the FRG) 2008-01-01 1.38
Denmark 2008-01-01 1.89
Euro area - 18 countries (2014) 2008-01-01 1.58
Euro area - 19 countries (from 2015) 2008-01-01 1.58
Estonia 2008-01-01 1.72
Greece 2008-01-01 1.50
Spain 2008-01-01 1.45
European Union - 27 countries (2007-2013) 2008-01-01 1.61
European Union - 27 countries (from 2020) 2008-01-01 1.57
European Union - 28 countries (2013-2020) 2008-01-01 1.61
Finland 2008-01-01 1.85
France 2008-01-01 2.01
France (metropolitan) 2008-01-01 1.99
Georgia 2008-01-01 1.66
Croatia 2008-01-01 1.55
Hungary 2008-01-01 1.35
Ireland 2008-01-01 2.06
Iceland 2008-01-01 2.15
Italy 2008-01-01 1.45
Liechtenstein 2008-01-01 1.43
Lithuania 2008-01-01 1.45
Luxembourg 2008-01-01 1.61
Latvia 2008-01-01 1.58
Moldova 2008-01-01 1.27
Montenegro 2008-01-01 1.89
North Macedonia 2008-01-01 1.47
Malta 2008-01-01 1.43
Netherlands 2008-01-01 1.77
Norway 2008-01-01 1.96
Poland 2008-01-01 1.39
Portugal 2008-01-01 1.39
Romania 2008-01-01 1.60
Serbia 2008-01-01 1.40
Russia 2008-01-01 1.49
Sweden 2008-01-01 1.91
Slovenia 2008-01-01 1.53
Slovakia 2008-01-01 1.34
Turkey 2008-01-01 2.10
Ukraine 2008-01-01 1.45
United Kingdom 2008-01-01 1.91
Andorra 2009-01-01 1.19
Albania 2009-01-01 1.63
Armenia 2009-01-01 1.53
Austria 2009-01-01 1.39
Azerbaijan 2009-01-01 1.82
Belgium 2009-01-01 1.84
Bulgaria 2009-01-01 1.66
Switzerland 2009-01-01 1.50
Cyprus 2009-01-01 1.47
Czechia 2009-01-01 1.51
Germany (until 1990 former territory of the FRG) 2009-01-01 1.36
Denmark 2009-01-01 1.84
Euro area - 18 countries (2014) 2009-01-01 1.57
Euro area - 19 countries (from 2015) 2009-01-01 1.57
Estonia 2009-01-01 1.70
Greece 2009-01-01 1.50
Spain 2009-01-01 1.38
European Union - 27 countries (2007-2013) 2009-01-01 1.61
European Union - 27 countries (from 2020) 2009-01-01 1.56
European Union - 28 countries (2013-2020) 2009-01-01 1.61
Finland 2009-01-01 1.86
France 2009-01-01 2.00
France (metropolitan) 2009-01-01 1.99
Georgia 2009-01-01 1.85
Croatia 2009-01-01 1.58
Hungary 2009-01-01 1.32
Ireland 2009-01-01 2.06
Iceland 2009-01-01 2.23
Italy 2009-01-01 1.45
Liechtenstein 2009-01-01 1.71
Lithuania 2009-01-01 1.50
Luxembourg 2009-01-01 1.59
Latvia 2009-01-01 1.46
Moldova 2009-01-01 1.31
Montenegro 2009-01-01 1.98
North Macedonia 2009-01-01 1.52
Malta 2009-01-01 1.42
Netherlands 2009-01-01 1.79
Norway 2009-01-01 1.98
Poland 2009-01-01 1.40
Portugal 2009-01-01 1.34
Romania 2009-01-01 1.66
Serbia 2009-01-01 1.44
Russia 2009-01-01 1.54
Sweden 2009-01-01 1.94
Slovenia 2009-01-01 1.53
Slovakia 2009-01-01 1.44
Turkey 2009-01-01 2.09
United Kingdom 2009-01-01 1.89
Andorra 2010-01-01 1.27
Albania 2010-01-01 1.63
Austria 2010-01-01 1.44
Azerbaijan 2010-01-01 1.92
Belgium 2010-01-01 1.86
Bulgaria 2010-01-01 1.57
Switzerland 2010-01-01 1.52
Cyprus 2010-01-01 1.44
Czechia 2010-01-01 1.51
Germany (until 1990 former territory of the FRG) 2010-01-01 1.39
Denmark 2010-01-01 1.87
Euro area - 18 countries (2014) 2010-01-01 1.59
Euro area - 19 countries (from 2015) 2010-01-01 1.59
Estonia 2010-01-01 1.72
Greece 2010-01-01 1.48
Spain 2010-01-01 1.37
European Union - 27 countries (2007-2013) 2010-01-01 1.62
European Union - 27 countries (from 2020) 2010-01-01 1.57
European Union - 28 countries (2013-2020) 2010-01-01 1.62
Finland 2010-01-01 1.87
France 2010-01-01 2.03
France (metropolitan) 2010-01-01 2.02
Georgia 2010-01-01 1.81
Croatia 2010-01-01 1.55
Hungary 2010-01-01 1.25
Ireland 2010-01-01 2.05
Iceland 2010-01-01 2.20
Italy 2010-01-01 1.46
Liechtenstein 2010-01-01 1.40
Lithuania 2010-01-01 1.50
Luxembourg 2010-01-01 1.63
Latvia 2010-01-01 1.36
Moldova 2010-01-01 1.30
Montenegro 2010-01-01 1.70
North Macedonia 2010-01-01 1.56
Malta 2010-01-01 1.36
Netherlands 2010-01-01 1.79
Norway 2010-01-01 1.95
Poland 2010-01-01 1.41
Portugal 2010-01-01 1.39
Romania 2010-01-01 1.59
Serbia 2010-01-01 1.40
Russia 2010-01-01 1.57
Sweden 2010-01-01 1.98
Slovenia 2010-01-01 1.57
Slovakia 2010-01-01 1.43
Turkey 2010-01-01 2.04
Ukraine 2010-01-01 1.43
United Kingdom 2010-01-01 1.92
Albania 2011-01-01 1.65
Austria 2011-01-01 1.43
Belgium 2011-01-01 1.81
Bulgaria 2011-01-01 1.51
Belarus 2011-01-01 1.51
Switzerland 2011-01-01 1.52
Cyprus 2011-01-01 1.35
Czechia 2011-01-01 1.43
Germany (until 1990 former territory of the FRG) 2011-01-01 1.39
Denmark 2011-01-01 1.75
Euro area - 18 countries (2014) 2011-01-01 1.57
Euro area - 19 countries (from 2015) 2011-01-01 1.57
Estonia 2011-01-01 1.61
Greece 2011-01-01 1.40
Spain 2011-01-01 1.34
European Union - 27 countries (2007-2013) 2011-01-01 1.59
European Union - 27 countries (from 2020) 2011-01-01 1.54
European Union - 28 countries (2013-2020) 2011-01-01 1.59
Finland 2011-01-01 1.83
France 2011-01-01 2.01
France (metropolitan) 2011-01-01 2.00
Croatia 2011-01-01 1.48
Hungary 2011-01-01 1.23
Ireland 2011-01-01 2.03
Iceland 2011-01-01 2.02
Italy 2011-01-01 1.44
Liechtenstein 2011-01-01 1.69
Lithuania 2011-01-01 1.55
Luxembourg 2011-01-01 1.52
Latvia 2011-01-01 1.33
Moldova 2011-01-01 1.27
Montenegro 2011-01-01 1.65
North Macedonia 2011-01-01 1.46
Malta 2011-01-01 1.45
Netherlands 2011-01-01 1.76
Norway 2011-01-01 1.88
Poland 2011-01-01 1.33
Portugal 2011-01-01 1.35
Romania 2011-01-01 1.47
Serbia 2011-01-01 1.40
Sweden 2011-01-01 1.90
Slovenia 2011-01-01 1.56
Slovakia 2011-01-01 1.45
Turkey 2011-01-01 2.03
Ukraine 2011-01-01 1.46
United Kingdom 2011-01-01 1.91
Albania 2012-01-01 1.71
Austria 2012-01-01 1.44
Azerbaijan 2012-01-01 2.00
Belgium 2012-01-01 1.80
Bulgaria 2012-01-01 1.50
Belarus 2012-01-01 1.62
Switzerland 2012-01-01 1.52
Cyprus 2012-01-01 1.39
Czechia 2012-01-01 1.45
Germany (until 1990 former territory of the FRG) 2012-01-01 1.41
Denmark 2012-01-01 1.73
Euro area - 18 countries (2014) 2012-01-01 1.56
Euro area - 19 countries (from 2015) 2012-01-01 1.56
Estonia 2012-01-01 1.56
Greece 2012-01-01 1.34
Spain 2012-01-01 1.32
European Union - 27 countries (2007-2013) 2012-01-01 1.59
European Union - 27 countries (from 2020) 2012-01-01 1.54
European Union - 28 countries (2013-2020) 2012-01-01 1.59
Finland 2012-01-01 1.80
France 2012-01-01 2.01
France (metropolitan) 2012-01-01 1.99
Croatia 2012-01-01 1.51
Hungary 2012-01-01 1.34
Ireland 2012-01-01 1.98
Iceland 2012-01-01 2.04
Italy 2012-01-01 1.43
Liechtenstein 2012-01-01 1.51
Lithuania 2012-01-01 1.60
Luxembourg 2012-01-01 1.57
Latvia 2012-01-01 1.44
Moldova 2012-01-01 1.28
Montenegro 2012-01-01 1.72
North Macedonia 2012-01-01 1.51
Malta 2012-01-01 1.42
Netherlands 2012-01-01 1.72
Norway 2012-01-01 1.85
Poland 2012-01-01 1.33
Portugal 2012-01-01 1.28
Romania 2012-01-01 1.52
Serbia 2012-01-01 1.45
Sweden 2012-01-01 1.91
Slovenia 2012-01-01 1.58
Slovakia 2012-01-01 1.34
San Marino 2012-01-01 1.26
Turkey 2012-01-01 2.09
Ukraine 2012-01-01 1.53
United Kingdom 2012-01-01 1.92
Albania 2013-01-01 1.73
Austria 2013-01-01 1.44
Azerbaijan 2013-01-01 1.98
Belgium 2013-01-01 1.76
Bulgaria 2013-01-01 1.48
Belarus 2013-01-01 1.67
Switzerland 2013-01-01 1.52
Cyprus 2013-01-01 1.30
Czechia 2013-01-01 1.46
Germany (until 1990 former territory of the FRG) 2013-01-01 1.42
Denmark 2013-01-01 1.67
Euro area - 18 countries (2014) 2013-01-01 1.54
Euro area - 19 countries (from 2015) 2013-01-01 1.54
Estonia 2013-01-01 1.52
Greece 2013-01-01 1.29
Spain 2013-01-01 1.27
European Union - 27 countries (2007-2013) 2013-01-01 1.55
European Union - 27 countries (from 2020) 2013-01-01 1.51
European Union - 28 countries (2013-2020) 2013-01-01 1.55
Finland 2013-01-01 1.75
France 2013-01-01 1.99
Croatia 2013-01-01 1.46
Hungary 2013-01-01 1.35
Ireland 2013-01-01 1.93
Iceland 2013-01-01 1.93
Italy 2013-01-01 1.39
Liechtenstein 2013-01-01 1.45
Lithuania 2013-01-01 1.59
Luxembourg 2013-01-01 1.55
Latvia 2013-01-01 1.52
Montenegro 2013-01-01 1.73
North Macedonia 2013-01-01 1.49
Malta 2013-01-01 1.36
Netherlands 2013-01-01 1.68
Norway 2013-01-01 1.78
Poland 2013-01-01 1.29
Portugal 2013-01-01 1.21
Romania 2013-01-01 1.46
Serbia 2013-01-01 1.43
Sweden 2013-01-01 1.89
Slovenia 2013-01-01 1.55
Slovakia 2013-01-01 1.34
Turkey 2013-01-01 2.08
United Kingdom 2013-01-01 1.83
Albania 2014-01-01 1.73
Austria 2014-01-01 1.46
Azerbaijan 2014-01-01 1.97
Belgium 2014-01-01 1.74
Bulgaria 2014-01-01 1.53
Belarus 2014-01-01 1.70
Switzerland 2014-01-01 1.54
Cyprus 2014-01-01 1.31
Czechia 2014-01-01 1.53
Germany (until 1990 former territory of the FRG) 2014-01-01 1.47
Denmark 2014-01-01 1.69
Euro area - 18 countries (2014) 2014-01-01 1.56
Euro area - 19 countries (from 2015) 2014-01-01 1.56
Estonia 2014-01-01 1.54
Greece 2014-01-01 1.30
Spain 2014-01-01 1.32
European Union - 27 countries (2007-2013) 2014-01-01 1.58
European Union - 27 countries (from 2020) 2014-01-01 1.54
European Union - 28 countries (2013-2020) 2014-01-01 1.58
Finland 2014-01-01 1.71
France 2014-01-01 2.00
Georgia 2014-01-01 1.97
Croatia 2014-01-01 1.46
Hungary 2014-01-01 1.44
Ireland 2014-01-01 1.89
Iceland 2014-01-01 1.93
Italy 2014-01-01 1.37
Liechtenstein 2014-01-01 1.59
Lithuania 2014-01-01 1.63
Luxembourg 2014-01-01 1.50
Latvia 2014-01-01 1.65
Montenegro 2014-01-01 1.75
North Macedonia 2014-01-01 1.52
Malta 2014-01-01 1.38
Netherlands 2014-01-01 1.71
Norway 2014-01-01 1.75
Poland 2014-01-01 1.32
Portugal 2014-01-01 1.23
Romania 2014-01-01 1.56
Serbia 2014-01-01 1.46
Sweden 2014-01-01 1.88
Slovenia 2014-01-01 1.58
Slovakia 2014-01-01 1.37
Turkey 2014-01-01 2.17
Ukraine 2014-01-01 1.46
United Kingdom 2014-01-01 1.81
Albania 2015-01-01 1.59
Armenia 2015-01-01 1.62
Austria 2015-01-01 1.49
Azerbaijan 2015-01-01 1.94
Belgium 2015-01-01 1.70
Bulgaria 2015-01-01 1.53
Belarus 2015-01-01 1.72
Switzerland 2015-01-01 1.54
Cyprus 2015-01-01 1.32
Czechia 2015-01-01 1.57
Germany (until 1990 former territory of the FRG) 2015-01-01 1.50
Denmark 2015-01-01 1.71
Euro area - 18 countries (2014) 2015-01-01 1.56
Euro area - 19 countries (from 2015) 2015-01-01 1.56
Estonia 2015-01-01 1.58
Greece 2015-01-01 1.33
Spain 2015-01-01 1.33
European Union - 27 countries (2007-2013) 2015-01-01 1.58
European Union - 27 countries (from 2020) 2015-01-01 1.54
European Union - 28 countries (2013-2020) 2015-01-01 1.58
Finland 2015-01-01 1.65
France 2015-01-01 1.96
Georgia 2015-01-01 2.21
Croatia 2015-01-01 1.40
Hungary 2015-01-01 1.45
Ireland 2015-01-01 1.85
Iceland 2015-01-01 1.80
Italy 2015-01-01 1.35
Liechtenstein 2015-01-01 1.40
Lithuania 2015-01-01 1.70
Luxembourg 2015-01-01 1.47
Latvia 2015-01-01 1.70
Montenegro 2015-01-01 1.74
North Macedonia 2015-01-01 1.50
Malta 2015-01-01 1.37
Netherlands 2015-01-01 1.66
Norway 2015-01-01 1.72
Poland 2015-01-01 1.32
Portugal 2015-01-01 1.31
Romania 2015-01-01 1.62
Serbia 2015-01-01 1.46
Sweden 2015-01-01 1.85
Slovenia 2015-01-01 1.57
Slovakia 2015-01-01 1.40
Turkey 2015-01-01 2.14
Ukraine 2015-01-01 1.36
United Kingdom 2015-01-01 1.80
Kosovo (under United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244/99) 2015-01-01 NA
Albania 2016-01-01 1.54
Armenia 2016-01-01 1.62
Austria 2016-01-01 1.53
Azerbaijan 2016-01-01 1.90
Belgium 2016-01-01 1.68
Bulgaria 2016-01-01 1.54
Belarus 2016-01-01 1.73
Switzerland 2016-01-01 1.54
Cyprus 2016-01-01 1.37
Czechia 2016-01-01 1.63
Germany (until 1990 former territory of the FRG) 2016-01-01 1.60
Denmark 2016-01-01 1.79
Euro area - 18 countries (2014) 2016-01-01 1.58
Euro area - 19 countries (from 2015) 2016-01-01 1.58
Estonia 2016-01-01 1.60
Greece 2016-01-01 1.38
Spain 2016-01-01 1.34
European Union - 27 countries (2007-2013) 2016-01-01 1.60
European Union - 27 countries (from 2020) 2016-01-01 1.57
European Union - 28 countries (2013-2020) 2016-01-01 1.60
Finland 2016-01-01 1.57
France 2016-01-01 1.92
Georgia 2016-01-01 2.23
Croatia 2016-01-01 1.42
Hungary 2016-01-01 1.53
Ireland 2016-01-01 1.81
Iceland 2016-01-01 1.74
Italy 2016-01-01 1.34
Liechtenstein 2016-01-01 1.61
Lithuania 2016-01-01 1.69
Luxembourg 2016-01-01 1.41
Latvia 2016-01-01 1.74
Montenegro 2016-01-01 1.79
North Macedonia 2016-01-01 1.50
Malta 2016-01-01 1.37
Netherlands 2016-01-01 1.66
Norway 2016-01-01 1.71
Poland 2016-01-01 1.39
Portugal 2016-01-01 1.36
Romania 2016-01-01 1.69
Serbia 2016-01-01 1.46
Sweden 2016-01-01 1.85
Slovenia 2016-01-01 1.58
Slovakia 2016-01-01 1.48
Turkey 2016-01-01 2.11
Ukraine 2016-01-01 1.35
United Kingdom 2016-01-01 1.79
Kosovo (under United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244/99) 2016-01-01 1.66
Albania 2017-01-01 1.48
Armenia 2017-01-01 1.56
Austria 2017-01-01 1.52
Azerbaijan 2017-01-01 1.75
Belgium 2017-01-01 1.65
Bulgaria 2017-01-01 1.56
Belarus 2017-01-01 1.54
Switzerland 2017-01-01 1.52
Cyprus 2017-01-01 1.32
Czechia 2017-01-01 1.69
Germany (until 1990 former territory of the FRG) 2017-01-01 1.57
Denmark 2017-01-01 1.75
Euro area - 18 countries (2014) 2017-01-01 1.56
Euro area - 19 countries (from 2015) 2017-01-01 1.56
Estonia 2017-01-01 1.59
Greece 2017-01-01 1.35
Spain 2017-01-01 1.31
European Union - 27 countries (2007-2013) 2017-01-01 1.59
European Union - 27 countries (from 2020) 2017-01-01 1.56
European Union - 28 countries (2013-2020) 2017-01-01 1.59
Finland 2017-01-01 1.49
France 2017-01-01 1.90
Georgia 2017-01-01 2.14
Croatia 2017-01-01 1.42
Hungary 2017-01-01 1.54
Ireland 2017-01-01 1.77
Iceland 2017-01-01 1.71
Italy 2017-01-01 1.32
Liechtenstein 2017-01-01 1.44
Lithuania 2017-01-01 1.63
Luxembourg 2017-01-01 1.39
Latvia 2017-01-01 1.69
Montenegro 2017-01-01 1.78
North Macedonia 2017-01-01 1.43
Malta 2017-01-01 1.26
Netherlands 2017-01-01 1.62
Norway 2017-01-01 1.62
Poland 2017-01-01 1.48
Portugal 2017-01-01 1.38
Romania 2017-01-01 1.71
Serbia 2017-01-01 1.49
Sweden 2017-01-01 1.78
Slovenia 2017-01-01 1.62
Slovakia 2017-01-01 1.52
Turkey 2017-01-01 2.07
Ukraine 2017-01-01 1.26
United Kingdom 2017-01-01 1.74
Kosovo (under United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244/99) 2017-01-01 1.65
Albania 2018-01-01 1.37
Armenia 2018-01-01 1.57
Austria 2018-01-01 1.47
Azerbaijan 2018-01-01 1.73
Belgium 2018-01-01 1.62
Bulgaria 2018-01-01 1.56
Belarus 2018-01-01 1.45
Switzerland 2018-01-01 1.52
Cyprus 2018-01-01 1.32
Czechia 2018-01-01 1.71
Germany (until 1990 former territory of the FRG) 2018-01-01 1.57
Denmark 2018-01-01 1.73
Euro area - 18 countries (2014) 2018-01-01 1.53
Euro area - 19 countries (from 2015) 2018-01-01 1.54
Estonia 2018-01-01 1.67
Greece 2018-01-01 1.35
Spain 2018-01-01 1.26
European Union - 27 countries (2007-2013) 2018-01-01 1.56
European Union - 27 countries (from 2020) 2018-01-01 1.55
European Union - 28 countries (2013-2020) 2018-01-01 1.56
Finland 2018-01-01 1.41
France 2018-01-01 1.88
Georgia 2018-01-01 2.09
Croatia 2018-01-01 1.47
Hungary 2018-01-01 1.55
Ireland 2018-01-01 1.75
Iceland 2018-01-01 1.71
Italy 2018-01-01 1.29
Liechtenstein 2018-01-01 1.58
Lithuania 2018-01-01 1.63
Luxembourg 2018-01-01 1.38
Latvia 2018-01-01 1.60
Montenegro 2018-01-01 1.76
North Macedonia 2018-01-01 1.42
Malta 2018-01-01 1.23
Netherlands 2018-01-01 1.59
Norway 2018-01-01 1.56
Poland 2018-01-01 1.46
Portugal 2018-01-01 1.42
Romania 2018-01-01 1.76
Serbia 2018-01-01 1.49
Sweden 2018-01-01 1.76
Slovenia 2018-01-01 1.60
Slovakia 2018-01-01 1.54
Turkey 2018-01-01 1.99
Ukraine 2018-01-01 1.20
United Kingdom 2018-01-01 1.68

Let’s plot the evolution of this indicator for the different european countries:

4.4.2 Environment

4.4.2.1 Greenhouse gas emissions (source: EEA)

The indicator measures total national emissions (from both ESD and ETS sectors) including international aviation of the so called ‘Kyoto basket’ of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and the so-called F-gases (hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, nitrogen triflouride (NF3) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)) from all sectors of the GHG emission inventories (including international aviation, excluding land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF)). Using each gas’ individual global warming potential (GWP), they are being integrated into a single indicator expressed in units of CO2 equivalents. The GHG emission inventories are submitted annually by the EU Member States to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).

indic_env geo time values
GHG_T_HAB AT 2017-01-01 9.6
GHG_T_HAB BE 2017-01-01 10.5
GHG_T_HAB BG 2017-01-01 8.8
GHG_T_HAB CH 2017-01-01 6.2
GHG_T_HAB CY 2017-01-01 11.6
GHG_T_HAB CZ 2017-01-01 12.3
GHG_T_HAB DE 2017-01-01 11.3
GHG_T_HAB DK 2017-01-01 8.8
GHG_T_HAB EE 2017-01-01 16.0
GHG_T_HAB EL 2017-01-01 9.2
GHG_T_HAB ES 2017-01-01 7.7
GHG_T_HAB EU27_2020 2017-01-01 8.9
GHG_T_HAB EU28 2017-01-01 8.8
GHG_T_HAB FI 2017-01-01 10.4
GHG_T_HAB FR 2017-01-01 7.2
GHG_T_HAB HR 2017-01-01 6.2
GHG_T_HAB HU 2017-01-01 6.6
GHG_T_HAB IE 2017-01-01 13.3
GHG_T_HAB IS 2017-01-01 17.2
GHG_T_HAB IT 2017-01-01 7.3
GHG_T_HAB LI 2017-01-01 5.1
GHG_T_HAB LT 2017-01-01 7.3
GHG_T_HAB LU 2017-01-01 20.0
GHG_T_HAB LV 2017-01-01 6.1
GHG_T_HAB MT 2017-01-01 5.5
GHG_T_HAB NL 2017-01-01 12.0
GHG_T_HAB NO 2017-01-01 10.3
GHG_T_HAB PL 2017-01-01 11.0
GHG_T_HAB PT 2017-01-01 7.2
GHG_T_HAB RO 2017-01-01 5.9
GHG_T_HAB SE 2017-01-01 5.5
GHG_T_HAB SI 2017-01-01 8.5
GHG_T_HAB SK 2017-01-01 8.0
GHG_T_HAB TR 2017-01-01 6.7
GHG_T_HAB UK 2017-01-01 7.7